PNAS：径流中来自纳帕谷葡萄园的径流硫

2011-08-09 09:42 · candy

一项研究提出，来自纳帕谷葡萄园使用的中自杀真菌剂中的硫被径流带走而且可能影响到下游的水生生态系统。

摘要：一项研究提出，纳帕来自纳帕谷葡萄园使用的谷葡杀真菌剂中的硫被径流带走而且可能影响到下游的水生生态系统。Eve-Lyn Hinckley 和 Pamela Matson分析了加利福尼亚北部纳帕谷用于预防白粉菌的萄园杀真菌剂的硫的命运。从每年的径流4月到10月的葡萄生长季节，种葡萄酿酒的中自人向数千公顷的葡萄园喷洒大量的具有高度活性的基于硫的杀真菌剂，这些杀真菌剂之后在休眠季节被降雨造成的纳帕径流带走。这组作者分析了这种化学转变以及在两个种葡萄酿酒地区3年间的谷葡硫的流向。这两个地区分别是萄园种植赤霞珠葡萄的圣海伦娜和种植黑比诺葡萄的纳帕。这组作者报告说，径流每年施用的中自硫的大部分从这些葡萄园生态系统中流失。在施用之后，纳帕硫在土壤表面迅速氧化成硫酸盐，谷葡它在生长季节在土壤中积累。萄园然而，在以暴风雨为特征的休眠季节，这些硫被带到了下游。这组作者说，由于硫成分的不平衡可能造成让甲基汞等有害化合物形成并流动，承载硫的径流有可能影响到下游的水生生态系统。

 

生物探索推荐英文论文摘要：

Transformations, transport, and potential unintended consequences of high sulfur inputs to Napa Valley vineyards

Abstract:

Unintended anthropogenic deposition of sulfur (S) to forest ecosystems has a range of negative consequences, identified through decades of research. There has been far less study of purposeful S use in agricultural systems around the world, including the application of elemental sulfur (S⁰) as a quick-reacting fungicide to prevent damage to crops. Here we report results from a three-year study of the transformations and flows of applied S⁰ in soils, vegetation, and hydrologic export pathways of Napa Valley, CA vineyards, documenting that all applied S is lost from the vineyard ecosystem on an annual basis. We found that S⁰ oxidizes rapidly to sulfate ( ) on the soil surface where it then accumulates over the course of the growing season. Leaf and grape tissues accounted for only 7–13% of applied S whereas dormant season cover crops accounted for 4–10% of applications. Soil S inventories were largely   and ester-bonded sulfates; they decreased from 1,623 ± 354 kg ha^-1 during the dry growing season to 981 ± 526 kg ha^-1 (0–0.5 m) during the dormant wet season. Nearly all S applied to the vineyard soils is transported offsite in dissolved oxidized forms during dormant season rainstorms. Thus, the residence time of reactive S is brief in these systems, and largely driven by hydrology. Our results provide new insight into how S use in vineyards constitutes a substantial perturbation of the S cycle in Northern California winegrowing regions and points to the unintended consequences that agricultural S use may have at larger scales.